(五)不定式和分词作状语
(1)不定式作结果状语
A.动词+to…。
例如： He lived to be a very old man.他活得很长。
In 1935 he left home never to return.1935年，他离开家再没有回来。
B. so+形容词(或副词)+as to...。
例如：The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower.这房子又高又窄，像一座塔。
C. such+名词短语+as to...。
例如：His indifference is such as to make one despair .他如此冷冰冰的，令人感到绝望。
D. only to...竟然……(表示与预料相反的结果)。
例如：He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。
E. 形容词(或副词)+enough(副词)to...，够，足以。
例如：The room is big enough to hold one hundred people.这房间大得足以容纳一百人。
(2)分词作状语
分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随情况。在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时，通常可转换为相应的状语从句，表示方式和伴随情况时，可以转换为一个并列的谓语成分。
例如：Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.)学生们看见老师走进房间，都站了起来。
Heated,ice will be changed into water.(=When it is heated...)当冰加热时，它就会变成水。(条件、时间)
Being excited,I couldn’t go to sleep.(=As I was excited,I couldn’t go to sleep.)我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因)
I stood there,listening to the broadcast.(=I stood there and listened to the broadcast.)我站在那儿听广播。(伴随)
The children went away laughing.(=The children went away.They laughed as they went.)孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式)
Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.(=Although they know all this...)他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我赔偿损失。
(3)分词作状语与主语的关系。
A. 现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。
例如：He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do,he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
B. 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
例如：Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties,we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。
(4)分词作状语时前面可用连词。
when,while,once,if,unless,though等引导的状语从句，若其主语与主句主语相同时，可保留该副词连接词，其余部分则化简为分词短语。
例如：When (being) free，I’ll fetch you.有空时，我会来接你。
While walking along the street early in the morning,he saw her.一早在街上散步时，他看到了她。
If falling ill,I’ll see my doctor.如果生病我会去看医生。
Once completed,this power station supplies the nearby towns and villages with electricity.这个电站一旦建成，将向附近的城乡供电。
Even though given every opportunity,they would not try.即使给他们一切机会，他们也不肯试一试。
Though knowing the truth,he remained silent.虽然他知道实情，却保持沉默。
Unless (being) rich,I am not going abroad.除非有钱，要不然我是不会出国的。
(5)分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致，否则分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构，或独立主格。
例如：The rain having stopped,the soldiers continued their match.雨停后，战士们又继续行军了。
The boys returned,their face covered with sweat.孩子们回来了，满脸是汗。
〈注〉有时也可用“with(或without)+名词(或代词宾格)+分词”的结构，表示伴随情况。
例如：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他亮着灯睡着了。
The teacher entered the classroom,with a bag (being)in his hand.老师进了教室，手中提着一个包。
(6)分词作连词引导状语从句。
这些分词有:provided (or provided that)，providing that, supposing,seeing (that), considering等。
例如：You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train. 如果你不介意搭夜班火车，你就能早点儿到北京开会。
I’ll go,providing you go too. 如果你去的话我就去。
Supposing it rains,what shall we do?假如要下雨的话，我们怎么办?
Seeing (that) she is old enough to get married,I don’t think you can stop her. 鉴于她已到结婚年龄，我看你阻止不了她。
Considering he has been learning English only for a year,he speaks it quite well.考虑到他学习英语才一年，他讲得相当不错。
(7)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别。
A. 分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。
例如：They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边，为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
B. 分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外，有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。
例如：Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully,you’ll learn something new. 只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf. 这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
