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4主旨题的特点
无论是在段落中还是在文章中，是明显还是隐蔽，主旨的提出主要有四种情况。
(1)首段或首句开门见山指出中心或讨论的问题。
Example
The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.(1997年 Passage 1)
From the second paragraph we learn that .
[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries
[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law
[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage
该段是典型的首句主旨题。以首句为段落主题句，其他各句都围绕此句展开论述。正确答案为[D]选项。考生若对sink in理解有困难，还可以从段落总结归纳出主旨大意。
(2)文章中间或段落中间给出中心。
Example
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979～1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 025%～05% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%. (2002年 Text 3)
We can draw a conclusion from the text that .
[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now
[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks
[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices
[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry
文章前面两段描述出一种现象，指出最近石油价格大幅上涨;接着在文章中间部分提出文章主旨“这次油价上涨不会造成经济衰退的原因”，并在以后各段分别论述这些原因。正确答案为[A]选项。这里涉及的阅读技巧是当有but,however,yet,while之类的转折连词出现时，该篇/段/意群/句的中心往往是这些词后面的部分。
(3)文章末段或段落末句对全文或全段进行总结归纳，得出中心思想。
Example
Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).(1998年 Passage 5)
The passage is mainly about .
[A] the features of volcanic activities
[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates
[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes
文章总共三段，第一段对热点下定义：热点及其火山痕迹是板块移动的标志。第二段和第三段主要论述热点理论的作用。全文主旨句是第三段的前两句，它们承上启下，指出热点不仅有参照作用，还对推动板块移动的地质物理学过程提供了解释。正确答案为[C]选项。
(4)文章或段落中不明确给出中心，考生要根据各段中心或各句的内容进行总结，自己推出主旨。
Example
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”(2000年 Passage 1)
What can be inferred from the passage?
[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
答案：B
解析：文章的主题既不在首段，也不在末段，需要考生综合各段内容得出。从全文看，文章叙述了美国经济从繁荣到衰败再到繁荣的过程，且特别强调竞争给美国带来90年代的经济复苏。[B]选项“激烈的竞争可能促进经济的发展”正合全文大意。
5主旨题的解题技巧
根据上述这四种情况，制定如下解题对策：
第一，因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题，所以在解答此类题时，考生不要急于去找答案，不论它出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题后，无疑会有助于考生加深对整个文章的理解。
第二，看到文章主旨型题目，考生要着重理解首段或末段，同样，段落主旨题也要重视首末句。这是英语文章中出现中心思想最频繁的位置。
第三，文章主旨出现在中间的比较少见。这样的主旨句一般兼起承上启下的作用。遇到文章中前后段意思转折时，考生应该提高警惕，它往往是主旨所在。段落中情况也类似。
第四，如果文章中没有明确的主题句，主题思想要通过各段的主要内容进行归纳。这时考生就要着重看各段的首末句。试题中的Title 题也属于该种情况。考生必须通读全文，才能得出答案。
解题中还有一些具体实用的解题技巧：
首先，关于主题句的判断方法。第一，段落主题句的判断要看该段的第二句或第三句。如果它们是对第一句进行阐述，那么第一句就是主题句;如果是对第二句进行阐述，那第二句就是主题句;主题句也可能出现在末句。当最后一句是对全段进行总结时，该句就是主题句。对于主题句在句中的情况，当段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句。文章主旨所在段落的判断与此相同。第二，作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨。第三，首段出现疑问句时，该问题就是全文探讨的内容，对该问题的解答就是文章主旨。第四，作者提出文章主旨时，常常伴有文字提示，如therefore，thus，but，however，in short 等等。
其次，选项特点。正确选项特点：(1)不出现细节信息;(2)不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。干扰项特点：(1)一般以偏概全，只是文章的细枝末节，不能涵盖全文内容;(2)出现细节性的名词信息;(3)过于笼统。
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