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2007年Text 1
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above." Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20," Ericsson recalls. "He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers."
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers -- whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming -- are nearly always made, not born.
21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A] stress the importance of professional training.
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.
[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
[答案] C
[解题思路]
本文第一段采用足球运动员的例子正如新闻写作的传统手法一样,是用来引出文章的主要话题的。文章第二段开头的问句"What might account for this strange phenomenon"( 出现这一奇怪的现象原因是什么呢),即从这一现象切入主题。A和B选项均与第一段内容无关,而D选项只是就事论事,没有从宏观上理解第一段在文中的作用。
[题目译文]
文中提到足球运动员中的出生现象是用来
[A] 强调职业训练的重要性
[B] 聚焦世界杯上的足球巨星
[C] 介绍专业表现的因素这个话题
[D] 解释为什么一些足球队比其他足球队表现好
23. According to Ericsson, good memory
[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.
[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.
[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.
[答案] A
[解题思路]
本题的主要对应信息在文章的第四段。该段第二、三句话指出"In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice"( 换句话说,无论两个人天生的记忆力能力存在怎样的差异,这些差异都会被个人如何恰当地"解读"记忆信息所消除。埃里克森确信,了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳方法就是众所周知的刻意练习过程),四个选项中只有A选项是对这几句话的总结概括,因而是正确答案。B和C选项的表述显然与原文意思相反,可以排除。D选项具有一定的迷惑性,该选项对应于第四段最后一句话"Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome"( 相反,它包括确定明确的目标、获得即时的反馈以及技术与结果的结合等),而选项中的"a high degree of concentration"与文中的"concentrating"(重视)的意思不同,因此D是错误选项。
[题目译文]
在埃里克森看来,好的记忆
[A] 取决于对信息的有意思处理
[B] 取决于天生能力还不是认知练习
[C] 由基因而不是心理因素决定
[D] 要求即刻的反馈和注意力高度集中
24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that
[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.
[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.
[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.
[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.
[答案] D
[解题思路]
本题对应于文章最后一段,该段最后一句话指出"Or, put another way, expert performers -- whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming -- are nearly always made, not born"( 或者换句话说,专业人员--无论是在记忆还是手术方面,在芭蕾还是计算机编程领域--几乎都是后天培养的,而不是天生的),即埃里克森的主要观点就是一个人的成才不是先天决定的,而主要靠后天培养塑造出来的,需要不断地练习和实践。因此C选项是最能与原文观点呼应的。A选项与文章的中心思想无关,而B和D选项均与文章的意思相反。
[题目译文]
埃里克森和他的同事相信
[A] 天生的才能对于职业的成功是一项主要的因素
[B] 传记数据提供了优秀表现的关键因素
[C] 天生才能的角色通常被忽略
[D] 取得突出成就的人大多数由于后天塑造取得成功
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