►阅读理解解题过程中的6种语言现象
原文关注:转折和指代;题干关注:因果和观点;选项关注:否定和比较;
1、关于转折:
But,however,yet,instead,unfortunately,fortunately,indeed,in fact,actually,although,though,while,nevertheless, nonetheless, whereas, in spite of…..
重点关注转折后;
2、关注指代:
指代是连接英语句子的重要手段之一,指代分为:
a.名词指代:重复;
b.代词指代:重属性而轻含义、格、数、性质;
3、关注因果:
重点在于区分原因和结果
表示因果的手段
明显的词汇
表示原因:because,because of,since,for,as,due to,owing to,in that;
表示结果:so,so that,therefore,thus,hence,as a result,consequently,accordingly, implication, consequence, effect;
问原因则应该去找原因:because,since,as for,定语从句等都表示原因;
隐含的词汇
(导致)Cause,lead to,result in,give rise to,render,produce,make,let,ask,support,spur,spark,stimulate,fuel,push ,motivate ,prompt ,be responsible for, inspire;
(源于….)Derive/come/result/originate/initiate/stem/spring/emanate from, be attributable to,be responsive to, grow out of;
(反映,体现)Reflect,present,demonstrate,show,suggest,illustrate;
(例子是结果,观点、结论是原因)
(考虑到…..依靠….)Given, on account of, in view of, thanks to, in light of, in terms of, rely on, depend on, resort to, count on;
(条件词)If,when,while,once,as,as soon as,as long as;
分词短语,不定式,独立主格作状语,定语从句,介词短语表示结果或者原因;
5、关注观点
Think,thought,believe,belief,maintain,suppose,suspect,suspicious,insist,doubt, assert,assertion,contend,contention,argue,argument,agree,attempt,moan,complain,say,hold,assume,claim,declare,hypothesis,idea,opinion,warn,advocate;
6、关注否定
No,not,none,never,nor,neither,deny,fail to,absent from,lack of,refuseto,little,few,blank,without,hinder,delay,block,hardly,seldom,avoid,empty,scarcely否定前后缀,双重否定表示肯定。
7、关注比较
比较对象,比较内容,比较结果
选项有比较原文也一定要有比较;
⇒对于选项的特别说明:
选项分析:
错误选项¬ given选项&正确选项&最佳选项;
♦错误选项
a.主干错误(选项偷换了原文句子部分的主谓宾)
主语被偷换,谓语被偷换,宾语被偷换;
b.比较的错误:比较对象,比较内容,比较结果的错误。其中比较内容往往会产生主观和客观的混淆。
c.否定的错误:否定对象被扩大或者被偷换,其中存在性和确定性的偷换经常出现。
d,因果和时间的错误,因果颠倒和时间的倒置是最常见的错误。
♦not given选项
a.原文中完全没有依据的选项,称为not given选项;
b.原文中提到了A选项,但是没有提到B选项,由A选项却可以推出B选项,这个时候B选项也属于not given选项;
c.原文中没有谈到比较,但选项中出现了比较关系,这也属于not given选项;
♦正确选项
a.用同/近义词或者上下义词对文中的单词进行同义替换;
b.用概括或总结的说法代替文中的表述;
c.针对转折或否定进行正反替换。
♦最佳选项
a.正确且与原文主题和观点相关的选项优先考虑。
b.错误但与原文主题和观点相关的选项在没有正确选项的时候优先考虑。
c.正确但都与主题无关的选项,通过“因为A所以B,选A不选B”的方法来排出。
结构:
___主语_____ ,有ing、-ed、-to、从句、it形式;
主语____(插入)__,谓语————;
从句;
Ed/ing/to/adj/prep/定语;
Tend to/seem to/may,might;
双破,双逗号;
主谓………,补充(从句,ed、-ing,-to,-prep,-adj,独立主格结构,名词性短语)
主谓………__补充_____(补充有从句,-ed,-ing,-to,adj,-prep)
-ing/-to/-ed/……….主谓……..;
名词/代词 –ed/-ing/-to/adj/-prep,主谓____;
-ed…….,主谓…………;
-ed…….,and -ed…………,主谓……;
-ing…….,主谓………..;
-ing……….,and –ing………,主谓…………..;
可做主语的有:-ing/-to/从句….,it形式主语;名词(代词)代词短语……..;
主谓……..,主谓………..;
-ing……….,主谓………..;
主谓………,-ing………..;
【5】According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation.
【注意】比较对象是a new fishery(开发之初)VS(15 years of the start of exploitation)
【6】 In some long-fished areas,it has halved again since then.
【注意】It= biomass of large predators;then=(with15 years ); some long-fished areas=some old fisheries.
词汇大注释
【1】overfishing过度捕捞;over exploitation过度开采;
【2】how fast things事情变化很快;
【3】fisheries渔场;fishery渔场;fisherman捕鱼人;
【4】around/across/throughout the world全世界;methods研究方法;historical method历史学研究方法;attempt to、seek to、intend to、aim to想要…estimate估计;amount数量;massive amounts of及其大量的;
biomass生物的数量;living=alive活着的;fish species鱼的物种;but rather=rather than而不是;over three decades30年来;
【5】latest最新的;on average平均;exploitation开采;overexploitation过度开采;halve=half一半;again再一次;
32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.
[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%
[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago
[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount
[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old
⇒解密:(推理题)Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper定位到【2】 What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing
A large predators定位到【5】According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. 【6】 In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
a new fishery减少80%,所以剩下20%;在some long-fished areas减少了一半,剩下10%;(这个是另一个渔场 所以减少了100%-10%=90%)
B(偷换概念)由as many fisheries as定位到【5】According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation.(比较的鱼的数量和并没有比较渔场的数量)
C(偷换概念) in new fisheries定位到【5】According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators(animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation.主语是the biomass of large predators而非catch sizes;
D把一个渔场当成了2个渔场
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