考研英语完形填空大纲命题解析与做题策略指导

　　完形填空高分策略：完形填空基本解题策略

　　四、完形填空基本解题策略

　　1.宏观上把握文章的中心和结构

　　考研英语完形填空的文章以说明文和议论文为主，个别情况下会出现夹叙夹议的文章。它们一般具有以下两个特点：

　　1)都有明确的中心

　　由于完形填空要求从内容和结构两个方面将文章补充完整，整篇文章一般只有一个中心意思，而且具有逻辑性和完整性。从文章的篇章结构来看，第一句话一般都是主题句。为了帮助考生进入语境和答题状态，出题者往往先提供一个完整的句子，设置题目从第二句开始。

　　2) 往往采用总分结构

　　通过大量的总结分析，可以发现考研英语完形填空的文章在结构上经常采用总分对照的形式，这就为我们迅速从整体上把握一篇完形填空提供了非常便利的条件。

　　明确了以上两点就为完形填空的解题从宏观上指明了方向，下面以2004年的真题为例，讲解如何把握文章中心和结构。

　　Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 21 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in 24 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status 25 as a rejection of middle-class values.

　　Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 28 to criticism.

　　Changes in the social structure may indirectly 29 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 30 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 31 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 32 lead more youths into criminal behavior.

　　Families have also 33 changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; 34 , children are likely to have less supervision at home 35 was common in the traditional family 36 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 37 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 38 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 39 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

　　(2004年真题)

　　文章主题和结构分析：

　　第一段：

　　Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. (主题句) 许多研究青少年犯罪的理论要么强调个人，要么强调社会是导致犯罪的主要因素。

　　第二段：

　　Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ignoring the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.

　　大多数有关青少年犯罪的理论强调这些儿童都是来自贫困家庭，而忽略了出身富裕家庭的孩子也会犯罪这一事实。

　　第三段：

　　Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates.

　　社会结构方面的变化可能间接影响了青少年的犯罪率。

　　第四段：

　　Families have also experienced changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents…

　　这些年，家庭也在发生着变化。单亲家庭或双职工家庭不断增加。

　　读完第一句话后，文章的主题已经一目了然，主题句主要探讨青少年犯罪的原因，然后作者从三个方面对主题进行了论证和说明，即个人原因导致的犯罪，社会原因导致的犯罪，以及家庭原因导致的犯罪，文章结构为总分结构。

　　2.微观上分析句内和句际关系

　　通过分析句子内部各成分之间的关系，以及句子之间的关系为解答完形填空试题提供具体的操作思路和答题方法。一般说来，完形填空试题的解答要依赖三个方面的信息：句子内部提供的信息，句子上下文提供的信息，某个段落提供的信息。当句子内部提供的信息不足以解答试题时，就要考虑句子上下文提供的信息，当句子上下文提供的信息也不能提供问题的答案时，则需要从某个段落中寻求解决问题的有价值的信息。一般说来，通过对文章结构和主题进行有效分析后，对句内关系和句际关系的分析是解答完形填空试题的两个关键因素。

　　1)句内关系分析

　　句内关系分析主要是分析与试题相关的词、词组或句子和试题之间的关系，从语义和结构两个方面对句内关系进行分析是解答完形填空试题的基础。

　　Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 38 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect.

　　38. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability

　　(2004年真题)

　　【解析】[D]从语法上看，本题所在的短语和frustration or failure in school以及下文中的the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect构成了平行结构，共同作include的宾语。从语义来看，后面的三个并列短语和前面的offensive acts构成因果关系。

　　本题所在词组的语义方向应当和前后的词组是一致的，都是事情不好的方面。结合本题的四个选项来看，选项[D] 应当是正确答案。availability意为"可以提供，可以获得"，符合句义。本句的意思是"毒品、酒精越来越容易得到"。[A]expense费用，代价，损失，开支; [B] restriction限定，限制，约束;[C]allocation分配，安置。其他三项均与题意不符。

　　2)句际关系分析

　　句子与句子之间归纳起来有六种逻辑关系，其逻辑关系词分类如下：

　　并列关系 and, and also, or, neither… nor…, either …or…, not only…but also…，as well, similarly, likewise, in the same way, that is to say

　　递进关系 moreover, what is more, furthermore, then, besides, in addition, additionally

　　因果关系 because, for, since, as, hence，thus, so, consequently

　　转折关系 but, however, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately

　　让步关系 although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, no matter +疑问词

　　条件关系 if, only if, if only

　　将这些关系词了熟于胸，可以对句子之间的逻辑关系迅速做出判断。有时，句子之间没有逻辑词，而依靠句子间的语义关系连接起来，这种对隐性的语义关系的判断也是完形填空考试中一个非常重要的方面。