26. prerequisite 先决条件

　　Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career.

　　专业化使得博士学位成为成功学术生涯的先决条件。

　　27. connotation 内涵

　　The word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and， in particular， may not fully share its values.

　　"业余爱好者"一词的确带有这样一种内涵，那就是，没有完全整合进科学界的人不会分享其价值观。

　　28. prospect 前景

　　Losing a job is hurting： you don't skip down to the job center with a song in your heart， delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.

　　失去工作是痛苦的：你不可能唱着歌蹦蹦跳跳地来到就业中心，心里高兴地想着这个慷慨的国家会让你的收入翻番。

　　29. prosperity 繁荣

　　"The Heart of the Matter，" the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS)， deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.

　　"物质的核心"是美国艺术与科学研究院刚发表的一篇报告，这篇报告肯定了人文学科和社会科学对于美国自由民主的繁荣与安全的重要性，因此是值得表扬的。

　　30. intelligence 智力，智能

　　Jury duty was once limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence， education， and moral character.

　　陪审团的职责曾经仅限于那些具有卓越智力、教育背景和道德素养的人。

　　Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.

　　事实上，对于人工智能的探索所获得的结果是非常复杂的。

　　31. fitness 健康

　　But despite some claims to the contrary， laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.

　　尽管存在一些反面的主张，事实上，笑对于身体健康几乎没有什么影响。

　　32. seminar 讨论会

　　He spent many of his weekly seminars giving detailed instructions in techniques of observation.

　　他用了很多的周讨论会来详细说明观察技术。

　　33. duty 职责

　　Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract， as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

　　一些哲学家提出，权力作为职责与利益的交换的一部分，仅存在于契约中。

　　34. advocate 倡导(vt.) 倡导者(n.)

　　Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers， so skilled at applying peer pressure.

　　罗森博格令人信服地提出，广告商很善于应用同伴压力，公共健康倡导者应当向他们学习。

　　He advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.

　　他提倡思想自由和个人表达的自由。

　　35. benefactor 捐助者

　　These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

　　这些捐助者在他们自己的领域很成功，他们想用自己的财富吸引那些在科学领域取得成功的人。

　　36. entrepreneur 企业家

　　These upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.

　　这些突然崛起的企业家不可能通过金钱使自己的奖项具有诺贝尔奖那样的威望。

　　37. chaos 混乱

　　Beethoven's music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.

　　贝多芬的音乐总是从混乱过渡到秩序，仿佛秩序是至高无上的人类存在。

　　38. tension 张力

　　The tension between the universal and the particular has been immensely productive in anthropology.

　　在人类学中，普遍性与特殊性之间的张力能够产生大量研究结果。

　　39. obesity 肥胖

　　Of even greater concern is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.

　　很难对肥胖进行定义，这一事实受到的关注更多。

　　40. significance 重要性，意义

　　Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events

　　由于日常生活占据了我们有意识的思想，因此我们并不总是会思考日常事件的情感意义。

　　41. institute 研究机构，(专门型)学院

　　According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information， prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.

　　根据加拿大健康信息研究院的统计，自1997年以来，医疗保险总体开销中处方药成本在大幅上升。

　　42. institution 制度，机构，机制

　　He is that rare bird， a scientist who works independently of any institution.

　　他是那种与众不同者，作为一个独立于任何机构的科学家在工作。

　　There is the so-called big deal， where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.

　　存在一种大批量交易，就是机构用户付钱通过网站特许协议来解除大量的在线期刊。

　　The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and， as a result， radically higher standards of living.

　　研究机构的发现一致地表明，所有国家的劳动者都可以通过工作培训来获得生产率的根本提高，从而大幅提高生活水平。

　　The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the peculiar institution.

　　如果不保护南方各州的制度，他们当时就不会签署宪法。

　　It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.

　　人们可以说，对任何社会机价值的衡量在于其扩大并提示经验方面的效果，但这一效果并不属于这些机制的最初动机。

　　Malinowski regarded all institutions of a society as intrinsically linked to each other， and stressed that every social or cultural phenomenon ought to be studied in its full context.

　　马林诺夫斯基把所有社会机制看成是相互联系的，并强调应当将所有社会或文化现象放在其完整的社会情境中进行研究。

　　43. intellectual 知识分子，知识的

　　It is intellectuals， not America， who have become anti-intellectual.

　　反对知识的正是知识分子本身，而不是美国。

　　44. manuscript 手稿

　　When I set out to revise and update this book， the original manuscript was five years old.

　　当我在对这本书进行修改和更新时，最初的手稿已经存在五年之久了。

　　45. trait 特征

　　The trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.

　　我们过高评估了关于才干的特征。

　　46. reference参考

　　In effect， you try to reconstruct the likely meaning or effects that any given sentence， image or reference might have had.

　　事实上，你可以尝试对任何给定句子、图像或参考可以具有的意义或效果进行重建。

　　47. inference 推理

　　You make further inferences， for instance， about how the text may be significant to you.

　　你可以进行进一步推理，比如该文本对你具有何种重要性。

　　48. legacy 遗产

　　Morgan's legacy would also be acknowledged by many Marxist anthropologists.

　　摩根的遗产也会得到马克思主义人类学家的认可。

　　49. label 标签

　　Advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ，H&M， and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.

　　技术的发展使得诸如飒拉、HM以及优衣库这样的大众市场品牌能够对市场趋势快速反应，并更加准确地对需求进行预测。

　　50. vogue 流行

　　I shall then proceed to characterize the system now in vogue in Western civilization.

　　我将继续讲述西方文明中现在流行的体系特征。

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