1．希腊罗马
Homer <Iliad> <Odyssey> Author of epics
Sappho Lyric poet
三大悲剧家：
Aeschylus <Prometheus bound> <Persians> <Agamemnon> Tragic dramatist
Sophocles <Oedipus the King> <Electra> <Antigone> Tragic dramatist
Euripides <Medea> <Trojan Women> <Andromache> Tragic dramatist
喜剧家：
Aristophanes <Frogs><Clouds><Wasps><Birds> Comedy writer
历史学家：
Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history
Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse
the greatest historian that have ever lived
哲学和科学：
Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics
Heracleitue Fire is the primary element
Democritus Materialist, one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory
Socrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical method
Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas
<Dialogues>
Aristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made
concrete individual realities <Ethics><Politics> <Poetics and Rhetoric>
Euclid <Elements> a textbook of geometry
Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the
weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I’ll move
the World”
Others Diogenes (the Cynics) Pyrrhon(the Sceptics) Epicurus (the Epicureans) Zeno
(the Stoics)
4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander, king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克
2.基督教和圣经
Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine, known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament, 6th century B.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。
Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus, Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。
Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate,在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint
3.中世纪
开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败
5-11世纪
a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged
1054,教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
反击Moslems，开始了Crusades
Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732
St. Thomas Aquinas(Scholasticism)写了 Summa Theologica，这本书sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他认为feudal hierarchy(层次，等级) of society is God’s rule The power of feudal rulers is God’s will Pope is Christ’s Plenipotentiary
Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular
Roger Bacon and Experimental Science <Opus Maius> one of the earliest advocates of scientific research, called for careful observation
Dante(但丁) <The Divine Comedy> 神曲 one of the landmarks of world literature
Chaucer <Canterbury Tales> first modern poet in English literature
4.文艺复兴与宗教改革
14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice
Boccaccio <Decameron> the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世纪
Petrarch <Canzoniers> Sonnet, father of modern poetry
文艺复兴早期的艺术家：
Giotto <Flight into Egypt><Betrayal of Judas> forerunner of renaissance
Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective
Donatello <David> one of the first artists engaged in anatomy
Giorgione <Sleeping Venus> made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures
意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家：
Da Vinci <Last Supper> <Mona Lisa>
Michelangelo <David><Sistine Chapel><Dying Slave><Moses>
Raphael Known for his <Madonna(Virgin Mary)>
Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World
Pre-Luther Religious Reformers
John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation, took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382
Jan Hus Czech Religious leader
John Calvin <Institutes of the Christian Religion> 基督教教义 one of the most influential theological works Calvinism
Rabelais <Cargantua and Pantagruel> 拉伯雷 <巨人传> french writer
Ronsard Pleiade七星诗社代表人 <Sonnets Pour Helene> 法国第一个近代抒情诗人
Montaigne <Essays> 蒙田 散文集 French Writer
Cervantes <Don Quixote> father of modern European novel spain
Thomas More <Utopia> British writer
Shakespeare 作品包括<<哈姆雷特>><<麦克白>><<奥瑟罗>><<李尔王>><<威尼斯商人>><<第十二夜>><<皆大欢喜>><<罗密欧与朱丽叶>><<安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉>><<亨利四世>><<亨利五世>> crowned literature of England 代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就
Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 现代天文学之父
Vesalius <Fabrica> marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy (解剖学) founder of modern medicine
Aldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy
Machiavelli Father of political science
Vosari <Lives of the Artists>
1492, Columbus发现了America
1487,Dias发现了the cape of good hope
1497,da Gama发现了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope
5. 17世纪
Copernicus <The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs> 天体运行论 Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicine
Kepler Kepler’s Law (the three laws of planetary motion)德 国 the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation
Galileo <Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger)>意大利 acceleration in dynamics, the law of inertia, the law of falling bodies动力加速度，惯性定律，落体定律
Newton <Mathematical Priciples of Natural Philosophy>英国
Leibniz <New Essays Concerning Human Understanding> Distinguishes three levels of understanding: self-conscious(自我意识)conscious(意识)unconscious/subconscious (潜意识)他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人
Milton Areopagitica，<Paradise lost> English revolution
Bacon <The Advancement of Learning> <Essays> Knowledge is power 英国 反对deductive method，创立了inductive method 认为哲学应该与神学分开
Hobbes <Leviathan>利维坦 Materialist (knowledge come from experience) Social Contract 英国 认为最好的统治方式是monarchy
Locke <Treatises of Civil Government> 政治论 Materialist views (ideas derived from sensation or from reflection) Social Contract
英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell 和John Milton
Cromwell the man of action
John Milton the man of thought <Paradise Lost><Paradise Regained> <Agonistes> <Areopagiltica> 在英国文学史上ranks with Shakespear and Chaucer
Descartes 笛卡尔 <Rules for the Direction of the Mind><Discourse on Method> Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am 法国 it is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in France
Corneille 高乃依<Le Cid>熙得 法国第一部古典主义悲剧，表现责任与爱情的冲突
Racine <Andromaque><Phaedra> the greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表现情感和理性的冲突
Moliere <Tartuffe>达尔杜夫<Misanthrope>愤世嫉俗<L’Avare>吝啬鬼 the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies
很多科学器械在被发明：microscope, telescope, thermometer, barometer, pendulum
1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利
法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front
East Front of the Louvre
英国最著名建筑：St. Paul’s Cathedral
6.启蒙运动 the age of reason
18th century intellectual movement starting from France
the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Locke’s materialist theory and Newton’s theory of gravitation
Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes
18世纪两大著名运动：
The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S.
<The Declaration of Independence> 独立宣言
The French Revolution（1789）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792
<Declaration of the Rights of Man> 人权宣言
French Philosophy and Literature
Montesquieu <Persian Letters> <the Spirit of the laws>Separation of powers
法国启蒙运动的先驱
Voltaire <Candide> most famous of his novels <Lettres Philosophiques>
Rousseau <the Social contract> <the confessions> <The Origin of Human Inequality> one of the greatest figures of French enlightenment
Diderot <Encyclopedie> <Elements of Physiology生理学><Philosophical Thoughts>
English Literature
Pope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason, translation of Homer, good at heroic couplet 擅长英雄双韵体 <Essay on Criticism>
Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England <Robinson Crusoe> 鲁滨逊漂流记
Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time <A modest Proposal> <Gulliver’ travels>
Henry Fielding Father of the English novel
<The history of Tom Jones><a foundling>
Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novel <Pamela>
Samuel Johnson editor of <A Dictionary of the English Language>
18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊 The Tatler 和 The Spectator, Addison 和 Steele经常在上面写文章
German Literature and Philosophy
Lessing <laocoon><Minna Von Barnhelm> German dramastist German classicism
Goethe <Faust> <the sorrows of young Werther><Wilhelm Meister’s
Apprenticeship/Travels> the Greatest German Poets
Schiller <The Robber><Cabal and love> <Wallenstein><Wilhelm Tell>
a founder of modern German literature
Kant Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesis <General
History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens> <Critique of pure
reason><Critique of practical reason><Critique of Judgment>
The Musical Enlightenment
J. S. Bach Christianity Major musicians of the musical Enlightenment
Handel 亨德尔 <Messiah> being his crowning masterpiece
Bach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing best
The Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period, roughly between 1750 and 1820
Haydn <String Quartets><Symphonies> Classical period Viennese school
Mozart <Choral Music><Concertos><Operas><Symphonies>
Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position, leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music
7. 浪漫主义 Romanticism
late 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in Germany
The enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise: the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution
New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book <The Wealth of Nations>, which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism.
Romanticism in Germany
The Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European Romanticism
Goethe combined Romanticism with Classicism
It was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and Stress
The Jena School: Schlegel Brothers, Novalis and Tieck
Heine: <Book of Songs><Die Lorelei>海涅在1836年发表＜＜论浪漫派＞＞，宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束
Romanticism in England
Blake: <Songs of Innocence><Songs of Experience><Preface to Milton>
The Lakers: Wordsworth and Coleridge <Lyrical Ballads>
Byron: <Don Juan> is considered his masterpiece <Isles of Greece> the fact that the
poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed
an ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyranny
Shelley <Ode to the West Wind> <Prometheus Unbound> noted for his lyrics
Keats <Ode to a Nightingale><Ode on a Grecian Urn>famous for his sonnets
Walter Scott <The Heart of Mid-lothian><Ivanhoe>
