议论文的思路与练习

　　关于记叙文的思路打开，我这里推荐几种方法：

　　1. 生活化细节联想法

　　针对大多数相对抽象不好下手的作文题目，我们可以先把作文题同自身联系到一起，把抽象、概括的作文题细化到自己身边，先打开一个突破口，再顺藤摸瓜，进行发散式联想。请看例子：

　　What are your opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of fast food?

　　题目的主体是快餐，方向为利弊处。先不要考虑快餐是好是坏，而应该先考虑你身边的、你知道的快餐究竟有哪些，这些快餐给你或你的家人带来了哪些影响。请看一位同学记录下来的思路。请注意其跳跃性。

　　2. 逆向思维联想法

　　有一些题目从正面不好罗列素材，总结观点，我们可以从命题的对立面去思考问题，这样往往可以达到意想不到的收获。如果问题是一个东西有什么样的好处，也许这个东西是日常生活中常见的东西，我们早已对其失去了敏感，这个时候不妨想一想如果失去了这个东西，我们的生活会受到哪些影响。试举一例：

　　In 1995, an Englishman killed a burglar who broke into his house. He was sentenced. Do you think he should be sentenced? How can we protect our property?

　　文章的关键在于How can we protect our properties?

　　3.分类思考法

　　为了尽快地帮助同学们在尽可能短的时间里熟悉四级作文的命题思路，以及在短时间内能够找到合适的论述理由，我们通过分析历年四级考试真题并研究了命题方向，在此基础上总结了四级作文通用的十大思考方向，很多题目要求考生分析某一现象发生原因或可能产生的影响，我们不妨从以下十个方向进行思考，打开思路：

　　1) 方便：convenient, convenience

　　相关话题：computer, internet，出外吃饭，电话，城市生活，例如：

　　The Internet is far more convenient and efficient than the written word or other conventional means of conveying meaning.

　　Advertisements can bring convenience to people’s lives.

　　Modern means of transportation make it very convenient for people to travel far or near, thus saving a lot of time and energy.

　　2) 效率：efficient, efficiently, efficiency

　　相关话题：计算机和高科技(high-tech devices)减轻了体力劳动(manual labor)，解放了人类(liberate humans)，让人们有更多的时间从事其他的事情(more time are spent on other necessary matters)等，例如：

　　Advertisements build an efficient and direct link between manufacturers and customers.

　　Modern science and technology make our lives more efficient. A phone call, an e-mail or a fax can all bring people closer and make the world smaller.

　　3) 节省和浪费：save time, save money, save space, economical, frugal, frugality; thrift, thrifty waste timemoneyspace, costly, time-consuming, lavish, 例如：

　　This will help them realize that it is not easy to make money and form the good habit of frugality.

　　There are many other ways for people to know commodities, so it is a waste to invest large sums of money in making advertisements on TV.

　　As for the young and middle-aged, they should make better use of their prime years instead of spending so much time raising pets.

　　It’s a costly and time-consuming hobby. China is a developing country and many people are still below the poverty line. Some children of the right age in poverty-stricken areas can’t afford to go to school.

　　… will be great extravagance of time, energy and money.

　　4) 心理与性格：mental health, spiritual health, psychological health, personality, character

　　好的性格 independent, independence, independently, cooperate, cooperative, cooperation, compete, competitive, competition, team spirit, considerate, confident, confidence, confidently, ambition, ambitious, individuality, tolerance, sociable, perseverance, deal with/solve problems by themselves (independent), optimistic

　　坏的性格 overbearing(专横的，傲慢的), selfish, conservative, isolated, conceited(自以为是的), egotistic(自我本位的), arrogant, domineering(作威作福的)，overzealous(过分热心的)，nihilist(虚无主义的)，opportunistic(机会主义的)，pessimistic

　　性格的养成：cultivate, foster, develop, encourage, enrich, improve, enhance

　　例如：

　　Taking a part-time job can help cultivate independence and develop a strong sense of responsibility.

　　It will help foster a sense of competition and cooperation, which is quite necessary in one’s future career.

　　Working outside campus can enhance one’s social awareness and help one become more socially adaptable. With this, students are able to keep pace with the outside world.

　　It will do good for building up one’s confidence and offer one a sense of achievement because one can realize his value and capability.

　　Through this experience, students can learn to cooperate and compromise and master interpersonal skills needed for future success.

　　5) 丰富的生活：pleasure, joy, recreation, entertain, entertaining, entertainment, leisure time, interesting, relax, relaxed, relaxation. 对立面：dull, monotonous, tired, bored, tiredness, boring, tiring, fatigue, lonely, loneliness, weary, weariness, too much stress from work(工作压力大)，leisure time(业余时间增多)，例如：

　　Gazing at the cold flickering screen is a disinteresting and tiring experience. It is not a good way to relax.

　　Some advertisements are of high artistic value, original and well designed; therefore they add to the beauty of our lives.

　　Raising pets is beneficial and joyful.

　　6) 环境：environment, environmental, pollute, polluted, pollution, pollutant, poisonous, contaminate, contamination, contaminated, contaminant, dirty, hygiene(卫生)，nature(自然)、on good terms with(和谐相处)，ruin, destroy(破坏)，例如：

　　Some leaflets and handouts are scattered here and there, polluting the environment.

　　Some people are destroying our earth by overexploiting the natural resources for immediate interests.

　　Too many cars running on the streets lead to air pollution and noise pollution.

　　By using the Internet, we can save our natural resources such as forests. It is much more environmentally friendly. The traditional form of books consumes too much wood.

　　7) 身体健康：health, physical health, healthy, disease, strong, strength, energetic, energetically，physical fitness(健身)，raised awareness of fitness(健康意识的提高)，例如：

　　Too much viewing of TV will lead people to a sedentary life lacking adequate exercise, which does harm to their health.

　　Some people may be addicted to netsurfing, which impairs people’s physical and mental health. (eyesight, radiation)

　　8) 安全和危险：safe, safety, safely, in safe, danger, dangerous, in danger, risk, hazard, hazardous

　　9) 经验：experience, social experience

　　10) 发展：

　　学生学习的发展进步：

　　cope with the relationship between part-time jobs and study(大学生能否兼顾学习与工作)，practice(如何学习与实践)，be prepared for or meet the requirements of future occupations(如何面对未来职业的要求)。

　　经济的发展：

　　economy, create more jobs, increase the tax base, improve society’s welfare，the reform and open-up policies(改革开放政策)，economic construction(经济建设)，market economy(市场经济)，sustainable development(可持续发展)，social atmosphere(良好的社会风气)，social stability(社会稳定)，public order(社会治安)，social changes or transformations(社会变革)，ideas or thoughts(人们的思想观念)。

　　This exerts a negative impact on one’s study because … occupies much of a student’s valuable time. A student’s sole task is to make good use of his limited time to acquire knowledge and skills which are essential to his future career.

　　Part-time jobs may take up most of students’ valuable time for study and have a pernicious(有害的)effect on their study and overall development.

　　It helps develop the economy, because it helps remove the obstacles in the way of progress and liberate people’s minds.

　　(新变化，新科技)… created more jobs to release the pressure of unemployment.

　　… helps to improve the economic strength.

　　我们今天不妨介绍几种简单易行的打开思路的法子，并不深邃，但却简单易行，易于考生们操作：

　　1. 分组思考法：

　　在考虑某种现象的优缺点或影响的时候，如果发现从这种现象本身无法打开思路，不妨从它的受众去考虑。

　　例如在讨论网络的有缺点的时候，我们可以从网络的受众入手，把网络的使用者按照年龄分为：小孩、中青年和老人。分别讨论网络对他们的影响，对小孩：增进知识;对中青年：方便、有效率;对老年人：丰富生活。这样在写作的时候也比较容易，更会让文章显得条理清晰。当然，分组的原则除了年龄外，还有好多别的选择，如职业、性别、国别等等。

　　2. 分层思考法

　　分层思考法和分组思考法原则很类似，只是划分的方法是按照层次的不同。

　　例如：在讨论如何解决全球性缺水的问题的时候，我们可以把解决方法分为：1)政府应该怎么做：制定相关法律;2)社会应该怎么办：鼓励节约用水的精神;3)个人——我，该怎么办：千里之行，始于足下，从我做起。当然也可以有另外的一些分层方法。

　　3. 举例说明法：

　　四级考试的考生都是成年人，很多是大学生，而且四级考试的题材多是和大家的生活相关的，所以有的时候用我们生活当中的例子来说明再好不过了。而且有些作文明确要求考生举例说明。

　　这里我们列出一些经常用到的句子，希望对大家有所帮助：

　　For example,

　　For instance,

　　It can be given as a concrete example that…

　　Take… as an example. It is a very obvious case.

　　There is one impressive example I want to mention here.

　　Let’s see an example.

　　It is best illustrated using the following example.

　　Let me provide an example.

　　Perhaps the most important example of …is that…

　　As I remember,/ Even to this day, I still remember that…

　　I will never forget…

　　To illustrate this, there is an example that is very persuasive.

　　An instance that accompanies this reason is that…

　　An example can give the details of this argument, …

　　It is a forceful example to demonstrate the importance of…

　　History presented many examples of…

　　In order to see this point clearly, let us see an example.

　　希望以上这些 英语四级写作模板 对广大考生有帮助。

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