2011年12月英语六级答案解析完整版(长沙新东方)

　　阅读简答题

　　节选自Robert Pfister与Patrick Tierney所著Recreation, event, and tourism businesses: start-up and sustainable operations一书中Leadership in Business一章

　　Leadership is the second most significant word in today’s competitive business environment because it directs the manager of a business to focus inward on their personal capabilities and style. Experts on leadership will quickly point out that “how things get done” influences the success of the outcomes and indicates a right way and a wrong way to do things. When a noted leader on the art of management, Peter Drucker, coined the phrase “Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things,” he was seeking to clarify the distinctions he associates with the terms.

　　When Stephen Covey, founder and director of the Leadership Institute, explored leadership styles in the past decade, he focused on the habits of a great number of highly effective individuals. His Seven Habits of Highly Effective People became a popular bestseller very quickly. His ideas forced a reexamination of the early leadership paradigm, which he observed centered on traits found in the character ethic and the personality ethic. The former ethic suggested success was founded on integrity, modesty, loyalty, courage, patience, and so forth. The personality ethic suggested it was one’s attitude, not behavior, that inspired success, and this ethic was founded on a belief of positive mental attitude. In contrast to each of these ideas, Covey advocates that leaders need to understand universal principles of effectiveness, and he highlights how vital it is for leaders to first personally manage themselves if they are to enjoy any hope of outstanding success in their work environments. To achieve a desired vision for your business, it is vital that you have a personal vision of where you are headed and what you value. Business leadership means that managers need to “put first things first,” which implies that before leading others, you need to be clear on your own values, abilities, and strengths and be seen as trustworthy.

　　47. To be good leaders, managers must pay close attention to their own _____.

　　【解析】该题问的是为了成为好的领导，管理者们必须特别关注他们自己的什么方面。由顺序原则该题应位于首段，注意到题干中pay close attention to同义改写成了首段首句的focus inward on，因此该句该表达后的名词成分capabilities and style即为答案。其前面的personal与题干own重合，不用填入。

　　48. According to Peter Drucker, leaders should be good at _____.

　　【解析】该题问的是Peter Drucker认为领导应擅长什么。用人名课定位至首段末句，该人强调领导应该“做正确的事”，将这个动词表达doing the right thing填入即可。

　　49. The personality ethic suggests that people are likely to succeed if they have _____.

　　【解析】该题的是人格魅力(personality ethic)提出人更容易成功的条件是什么。用personality ethic可定位至第二段第三句前后，其后的该段第五句详细阐述到personality ethic认为是一个人的态度在激发其成功，并指出这种魅力是基于积极精神态度的信仰。可知成功的重点是态度，并且是积极的态度。答案填入a positive mental attitude。注意a不能省略，这里表示“一种积极的精神态度”，也最好不要去掉a而在attitude后加s。

　　50. According to Stephen Covey, leaders who hope to achieve outstanding success need first of all _____.

　　【解析】该题问的是Stephen Covey认为那些想获得杰出成功的领导需要先做的事。用Covey及outstanding success可以定位到第二段第六句，Covey认为想享受杰出成功的领导最重要(vital)的是要先(first)自己管理好自己，因此把这个最重要的先决条件to personally manage themselves填入即可。注意need后面要接不定式，to不可少。另外themselves可以指代该题题干中的leaders，因此可不还原。

　　51. Good leadership requires one to know one’s own strengths and be able to win people’s _____.

　　【解析】该题问的是好的领导能力要求一个人除了了解自身长处，还要能够赢得别人的什么方面。由strength可定位到全文末句，提到在领导他人前一个人要先清除自己的价值、能力和长处，同时还要被别人视为可信的，即是说要赢得他人信任。将原文形容词trustworthy改为名词trust填入即可。

　　仔细阅读1

　　来自Slate: Trade is the New Plastics

　　来源：http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2010/08/trade_is_the_new_plastics.html

　　What's the one word of advice a well-meaning professional would give to a recent college graduate today? China? India? How about trade?

　　When the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade deficit in June approached $50 billion, it set off a new round of economic doomsaying. Imports, which soared to $200.3 billion in the month, are subtracted in the calculation of gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth.

　　But there's another way of looking at the trade data. Over the past two years, the figures on imports and exports seem not to signal a double-dip recession—a renewed decline in the broad level of economic activity in the United States—but an economic expansion.

　　The rising volume of trade—more goods and services shuttling in and out of the United States—is good news for many sectors. Companies engaged in shipping, trucking, rail freight, delivery, and logistics have all been reporting better than expected results. The rising numbers signify growing vitality in foreign markets—when we import more stuff, it puts more cash in the hands of people around the world, and U.S. exports are rising because more foreigners have the ability to buy the things we produce and market. The rising tide of trade is also good news for people who work in trade-sensitive businesses, especially those that produce commodities for which global demand sets the price—agricultural goods, mining, metals, oil.

　　And while exports always seem to lag, U.S. companies are becoming more involved in the global economy with each passing month. General Motors sells as many cars in China as in America each month. While that may not do much for imports, it does help GM's balance sheet—and hence makes the jobs of U.S.-based executives more stable.

　　One great challenge for the U.S. economy is slack domestic consumer demand. Americans are paying down debt, saving more, and spending more carefully. That's to be expected, given what we've been through. But there's a bigger challenge. Can U.S.-based businesses, large and small, figure out how to get a piece of growing global demand? Unless you want to pick up and move to India, or Brazil, or China, the best way to do that is through trade. It may seem obvious, but it's no longer enough simply to do business with our friends and neighbors here at home.

　　Companies and individuals who don't have a strategy to export more, or to get more involved in foreign markets, or to play a role in global trade, are shutting themselves out of the lion's share of economic opportunity in our world.

　　52. How do pessimists interpret the U.S. trade deficit in June?

　　A. It could lead to slower growth of the national economy.

　　B. It reflects Americans’ preference for imported goods.

　　C. It signifies a change in American economic structure.

　　D. It is the result of America’s growing focus on domestic market.

　　【解析】该题问的是悲观主义者对六月美国贸易赤字的解读。用deficit和June可定位至文章第二段，用pessimists可进一步定至第二段末句，该句中悲观主义者提到如果这种贸易不平衡继续，很可能会导致发展变慢，这直接对应A选项。

　　53. What does the author say about the trade data of the past two years?

　　A. It indicates that economic activities in the U.S. have increased.

　　B. It reflects the fluctuations in the international market.

　　C. It shows that U.S. economy is slipping further into recession.

　　D. It signals decreasing domestic demand for goods and services.

　　【解析】该题问的是作者对过去两年贸易数据的说法。用trade data和past two years可定位至第三段第二句，作者提到近两年的数据并没有指示出经济衰退，插入语后用转折引出数据指示的其实是一种经济扩张(economic expansion)。由此可知作者对数据的解读是偏正向、乐观的。四个答案中唯一正向的是A，原文的expansion被同义改写为activities increased。

　　54. Who particularly benefit from the rising volume of trade?

　　A. People who have expertise in international trade.

　　B. Producers of agricultural goods and raw materials.

　　C. Consumers who favor imported goods and services.

　　D. Retailers dealing in foreign goods and services.

　　【解析】该题问的是谁从上升的贸易容量中特别受益。用rising volume of trade可定位至第四段段首，不难推知该段整体都在谈受益对象。从第二句起分别提到各运输业获益大，一直到末句提到贸易敏感行业人也获益良多，末句最后用especially递进引出受益最多的行业，这对应题干的particularly，因而原文这之后提到的价格受全球需求影响的行业的制造商，特别是农业、矿产、金属行业和石油，即为受益最明显的行业。这对应B选项。agricultural没有替换，raw materials(工业原材料)同义替换了原文的矿产、石油和金属行业。

　　55. What is one of the challenges facing the American economy?

　　A. Decreasing productivity.

　　B. People’s reluctance to spend.

　　C. Competition from overseas.

　　D. Slack trade activities.

　　【解析】该题问的是美国经济面临的一个挑战是什么。用challenges可定位至第六段首句。该段首句提到第一个挑战是国内需求不足，该段中用but引出第二个更大的挑战则是美国产业如何参与获取及利用的全球市场需求。B选项“人们不愿意消费”是对第一个挑战的同义改写。

　　56. What is the author’s advice to U.S. companies and individuals?

　　A. To import more cheap good from developing countries.

　　B. To be alert to fluctuations in foreign markets.

　　C. To increase their market share overseas.

　　D. To move their companies to where labor is cheaper.

　　【解析】该题问的是作者对美国公司及个人的建议。根据顺序原则定位至末段。末段作者提到任何不增加出口、不参与国际市场、不在国际贸易中发挥作用的美国公司和个人都会将自己隔绝在巨大的全球经济机会份额之外。不难看出作者建议美国公司和个人更多参与国际贸易，增大其在全球经济中所占份额，这对应C选项。

　　仔细阅读2

　　选自英国卫报(The Guardian)：More UK universities should be profiting from ideas

　　A recurring criticism of the UK's university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services.

　　Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured, despite an annual £40m spend by the Department of Health on all kinds of research.

　　However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia, Canada, USA and UK shows that, from a relatively weak starting position, the UK now leads on many indicators of commercialisation activity.

　　When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions of the past decade have helped transformed the performances of UK universities. Evidence suggests the UK's position is much stronger than in the recent past and is still showing improvement. But national data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence shows that a large number of universities have fallen off the back of the pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase the leaders.

　　This type of uneven distribution is not peculiar to the UK and is mirrored across other economies. In the UK, research is concentrated: less than 25% of universities are receive of 75% of the research funding. These same universities are also the institutions producing the greatest share of PhD graduates, science citations, patents and license income. The effect of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities which are research-led and commercially active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialisation work creates differences between universities.

　　The core objective for universities which are research-led must be to maximise the impact of their research efforts. Their purpose is not to generate funds to add to the bottom line of the university or to substitute other income streams. Rather, these universities should be generating the widest range of social, economic and environmental benefits. In return for the scale of investment, they should share their expertise in order to build greater confidence in the sector.

　　Part of the economic recovery of the UK will be driven by the next generation of research commercialisation spilling out of our universities. On the evidence presented in my report, there are three dozen universities in the UK which are actively engaged in advanced research training and commercialisation work.

　　If there was a greater coordination of technology transfer offices within regions and a simultaneous investment in the scale and functions of our graduate schools, universities could, and should, play a key role in positioning the UK for the next growth cycle.

　　57. What does the author think of UK universities in terms of commercialization?

　　A. They still have a place among the world leaders.

　　B. They have lost their leading position in many ways.

　　C. They do not regard it as their responsibility.

　　D. They fail to convert knowledge into money.

　　【解析】该题问的是作者对英国大学在商业化方面的看法。由顺序原则可定位至文首。首段提出人们对英国大学在知识到产品服务转化过程方面的批评，二段整体用调查数据证明首段对英国的大学的负面观点，提出英国大学在干细胞研究领域将会失去世界领先地位。但这些都并非作者观点，同时在第三段短首出现转折，然后引入作者方面的观点。可知作者观点与首二段相反，他并不认为英国失去世界领先地位，三段末句更提出英国大学在许多商业活动方面仍领先全球。可知作者认为英国大学仍大体领先世界，总体持正面肯定态度。四个选项中唯一持正面态度的为A。

　　58. What does the author say about the national data on UK universities’ performance in commercialization?

　　A. It masks the fatal weaknesses of government policy.

　　B. It does not reflect the differences among universities.

　　C. It does not rank UK universities in a scientific way.

　　D. It indicates their ineffective use of government resources.

　　【解析】该题问的是作者对英国大学商业化表现的国家统计数据的看法。由national data可定位至第四段转折后，提到数据掩盖了单个大学之间表现的差距。对应B选项。Mask同义改写为does not reflect，variation同义改写为differences。

　　59.We can infer from Paragraph 5 that “policy interventions” refers to ___.

　　A. concentration of resources in a limited number of universities

　　B. compulsory cooperation between universities and industries

　　C. government aid to non-research-oriented universities

　　D. fair distribution of funding for universities and research institutions

　　【解析】该题考察“policy interventions”的意思。仅从字面意思“政府干预”还不足以选出答案，需要结合上下文。该短语所在的第四段提到这种“政府干预”促进了英国大学整体表现的提高，但之后转折指出，英国大学个体之间存在较大差异。第五段首更是将第四段强调的现象总结为“分配不平均”(uneven distribution)。由此可知这种“政府干预”指的应是政府对一部分大学的偏向性支持，而对更多的大学则支持不够，造成资源分配不均。对应A选项“资源集中在少数大学中”。

　　60. What dose the author suggest research-led universities do?

　　A. Fully utilize their research to benefit all sectors of society.

　　B. Generously share their facilities with those short of funds.

　　C. Publicise their research to win international recognition.

　　D. Spread their influence among top research institutions.

　　【解析】该题问的是作者对研究导向型大学的建议。由research-led universities可定位至全文第六段。该段中部用rather转折引出作者觉得这些大学应该(should)产生最广的社会、经济与环境等各方面效益(widest range)，应该分享他们的专业技术资源，让整个领域(build greater confidence in the sector)都构筑起信心，此即为建议。对应A选项，仅有A强调了范围是all sectors of society。B提到的与缺乏资金的学校分享设施、C提到的扩大国际影响与D提到的扩大在顶级研究机构中的影响范围均太窄。

　　61. How can the university sector play a key role in the UK’s economic growth?

　　A. By establishing more regional technology transfer offices.

　　B. By asking the government to invest in technology transfer research.

　　C. By promoting technology transfer and graduate school education.

　　D. By increasing the efficiency of technology transfer agencies.

　　【解析】该题问的是大学如何在英国经济发展中扮演关键角色。由play a key role定位至全文末句。末句提到两个要素，一是区域间技术转移的更好协调，二是对研究院所规模及功能上同步进行投资。仅有C选项结合了这两个要点。A提到的技术转移办公室数量的增加、D提到的提升技术转移机构的效率，均是原文没有的信息。B选项将技术转移和投资这两个不想关的信息混到了一起。

　　【总结】本次六级考试阅读部分出题角度仍保留了六级的一贯特征，难度并不太大。快速阅读答案多能通过定位迅速查找到。简答题部分也比较方便查找，需要考生做变化的点不多。仔细阅读方面，正确选项依然以题干定位处就近信息的同义改写和替换为主，错误选项的迷惑性也不强，多可通过核心词、态度倾向等较快排除。文中转折、递进等依旧是考察重点。文章内容方面，依旧是大家较为熟悉的经济、教育等热点话题，语言难度也不大。值得注意的是这次四六级考试都选择了多篇来自英国卫报的文章，之前卫报文章页选择过，可见六级对这类英美主流报刊的喜爱。这种与欧美主流生活较为接近的话题以及特色性报刊可以成为大家平常泛读的一个选择。