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  clean

  clean out(tr) a room/cupboard/drawer etc.彻底清理打扫(房间/碗柜/抽屉等)

  I must clean out the spare room.(clean the spare room out/clean it out)

  我得把那间备用房(客房)彻底清扫一下。

  clean up(tr) a mess, eg. anything spilt清扫(脏物,如撒出的东西)

  Clean up any spilt paint.(clean the spilt paint up/clean it up)

  如果有溅出来的油漆,把它收拾干净。

  clean up(intr)同上用法相同

  These painters always clean up when they’ve finished.

  这几位油漆工完工之后总要把场地打扫干净。

  clear

  clear away(tr)把物件拿开以便腾出地方

  Could you clear away these papers?(clear these papers away/clear them away)

  你能不能把这些文件清除开?

  clear away(intr)散开

  The clouds soon cleared away and it became quite warm.

  云很快就散开了,天气变得相当暖和。

  clear off(intr)走开(指室外) clear out(intr)走开(指室内)二者都是口语用法;作为命令时这样说是相当不礼貌的

  ‘You clear off,’ said the farmer angrily.‘You’ve no right to put your caravans in my field without even asking my permission.’

  “你们给我走开,”农民愤怒地说,“你们没有权利连我的许可都没征得就把住人的大篷车停在我的地里。”

  Clear out! If I find you in this building again,I’ll report you to the po-lice.

  走开!你要再到这幢建筑里来,我就将你报警了。

  clear out(tr)把(房间/碗柜/抽屉等)腾空以便放别的东西

  I’ll clear out this drawer and you can put your things in it.( clear this drawer out/clear it out)

  我会把这个抽屉腾空,这样你就能把你的东西放在里面了。

  clear up(intr)有云或雨后天晴了

  The sky looks a bit cloudy now but I think it will clear up.

  现在天看来有点阴,但我想天会晴的。

  clear up(tr/intr)收拾整齐干净

  When you are cooking it’s best to clear up as you go,instead of leaving everything to the end and having a terrible pile of things to deal with.

  烹调时,最好是边干边收拾,而不要把活留到最后而剩下一大堆东西要打扫收拾。

  Clear up this mess.(clear this mess up/clear it up)

  把这堆乱糟糟的东西收拾干净。

  clear up(tr)

  (a)完成(某种尚待完成的工作)

  I have some letters which I must clear up before I leave tonight.

  有几封信我今天晚上走以前必须写完。

  (b)侦破(不可思议的怪事、案件等)

  In a great many detective stories when the police are baffled an amateurdetective comes along and clears up the mystery.(clears it up)

  在许多侦探小说中,当警察束手无策时,来了个业余侦探,把案子给破了。

  close

  close down(tr/intr)永远关闭,停业(指商店或买卖等)

  Trade was so bad that many small shops closed down and big shops closedsome of their branches down.(closed down some branches/closed themdown)

  市面很差,许多小店停业了,大商店也关了一些分店。

  close in(intr)逼近,从四面凑近(常用于雾、夜色、敌人等)

  As the mist was closing in we decided to stay where we were.

  由于雾越来越逼近,我们决定留在原地不动。

  close up(intr)缩小间距(指一行人)

  If you children closed up a bit there’d be room for another one on thisseat.

  你们几个孩子要是挤一挤,这座位上还能加一个人。

  come

  come across/upon(tr)碰巧发现,碰巧找到

  When I was looking for my passport I came across these old photographs.

  我在找护照时碰巧找到了这些旧相片。

  come along/on(intr)和我一起来,陪伴我去(常用来敦促犹豫不决的人或拖拖拉拉的人)

  Come on,or we’ll be late.

  快点,否则我们要迟到了。

  come away(intr)(和我一起)走/离开

  Come away now, It’s time to go home.

  快走吧。该回家了。

  come away/off(intr)自行脱落

  When I pickd up the teapot the handle came away in my hand.

  我拿起茶壶时,茶壶掉了而只剩茶壶柄在我手里。

  come in(intr),come into( tr)进入

  Someone knocked at my door and I said,‘Come in.’

  有人敲我的门,我说:“进来。”

  Come into the garden and I’ll show you my roses.

  到花园里来,我给你看我的玫瑰花。

  come off(intr)

  (a)(计划或阴谋)成功(用于否定句)

  I’m afraid that scheme of yours won’t come off.It needs more capitalthan you have available.

  恐怕你那个计划不会成功。它需要的投资不是你能拿得出来的。

  (b) 发生,按预先安排的那样发生

  —When is the wedding coming off?

  —Next June.

  —婚礼什么时候举行?

  —6月份。

  如果我们说The duchess was to have opened the bazaar(公爵夫人本来是要为义卖主持开幕仪式的),我们的意思是说计划是那样订的,但没有实现(她本安排好要去为它揭幕,但后来不得不取消这一安排)。

  (c)(话剧、展览等)结束一轮演出或展出

  ‘Lady windermere’s Fan’is coming off next week.You’d better hurryif you want to see it.

  《少奶奶的扇子》下周要结束演出了。你要想看的话得抓紧点。

  come out(intr)

  (a)被揭露或发觉(这里的主语常是the truth真相/the facts事实/the whol story 全部内情等;并且一般指有关人士想竭力掩盖的事实即丑闻等)

  They deceived everybody till they quarrelled among themselves;then onepublicly denounced the others and the whole truth came out.

  他们把大家都骗了,直到后来内讧起来,其中一个人公开揭发了别人,这才真相大白。

  (b)(书籍)发行

  Her new novel will be coming out in time for the Christmas sales.

  她的新小说将赶在圣诞节购物潮时发行。

  (c)(污渍)消除,洗掉

  Tomato stains don’t usually come out.

  西红柿污渍一般洗不净。

  come round(intr)

  (a)终于接受以前所反对的建议

  Her father at first refused to let her study abroad but he came round(to it)in the end.

  她父亲起初反对她去外国念书,但终于回心转意了。(他说可以让她去。)

  (b)到某人的家里来

  I’ll come round after dinner and tell you the plan.

  我晚饭后来转一下,把计划说给你听。

  come round/to(intr;to重读) 恢复知觉

  When we found him he was unconscious but he came round/to in half anhour and explained that he had been attacked and robbed.

  我们发现他时他已失去知觉,但是半小时后他恢复了知觉,说他遭到殴打抢劫。

  come up(intr)

  (a) 升到水面,生长出来

  A diver with an aqualung doesn’t have to keep coming up for air;he canstay underwater for quite a long time.

  备有潜水供氧器的潜水员无需不断升出水面呼吸;他可以在水下停留相当长的时间。

  Weeds are coming up everywhere.

  杂草到处蔓生。

  (b)被提到

  The question of the caretaker’s wages came up at the last meeting.

  在上次会议中提到了看楼人的工资问题。

  come up(intr),come up to(tr)走近,来到能说话的近处

  A policeman was standing a few yards away.He came up to me and said,‘You can’t park here.’

  几码外站着一位警察。他走过来并对我说:“你不能把车子停放在这里。”

  crop

  crop up(intr)出现,意外地或偶然地出现(主语常是一个抽象名词如difficulties困难/the subject题目或是一个代词)

  At first all sorts of difficulties cropped up and delayed us.Later we learnthow to anticipate these.

  起初冒出来了各式各样的困难,耽搁了我们。后来我们学会了如何为这些困难预作准备。

  cut

  cut down a tree 砍倒树木

  If you cut down all the trees you will ruin the land.(cut the trees down/ cut them down)

  你要是砍倒所有的树木,就会把土地给毁了。

  cut down(tr) 减少数量

  We must cut down expenses or we’ll be getting into debt.

  我们得减少支出,否则就要负债了。

  ‘This article is too long,’said the editor.‘Could you cut it down to2,000 words?’

  “这篇文章太长了,”说,“你能不能把它缩到两千字?”

  cut in(intr)在车距极近的不安全情况下并行抢道并插到另一辆车前面

  Accidents are often caused by drivers cutting in.

  车祸常由司机抢道插到别的车前面而引起。

  cut off(tr)切断、停止供应(宾语可以是水、电、煤气,也可以是被停供的人)

  The Company has cut off our electricity supply because we haven’t paidour bill.(cut our supply off/cut it off)

  因为我们没有付电费,公司断了我们的电。

  They’ve cut off the water/our water supply temporarily because they arerepairing one of the main pipes.

  他们暂时断了我们的水源,因为在修其中的一条主要的水管。

  We were cut off in the middle of our(telephone)conversation.

  我们(电)话还没完,就被掐断了。(这可能是偶然的事,也可能是电话接线员故意的行为。)

  cut someone off 阻挡某人使其不能逃到安全地带(常用于指潮水围困,特别是用被动态时)

  We were cut off by the tide and had to be rescued by boat.

  我们被潮水困住了,只好由小船搭救出来。

  be cut off(intr)被隔绝在不方便的地方(主语常是某一地方或住在某一地方的人)

  You will be completely cut off if you go to live in that village becausethere is a bus only once a week.

  你要是去住在那个村里,就会与世隔绝了,因为那里每周只有一班公共汽车。

  cut out(tr)

  (a)从布、纸等上弄下所需形状

  When I am making a dress I mark the cloth with chalk and then cut itout.(cut out the dress/cut the dress out)

  我缝衣服时先用白粉在布上画出样子,然后再剪下。

  Young people often cut out photographs of their favourite pop stars andstick them to the walls.

  年轻人常把最喜欢的流行歌手的相片剪下来贴在墙上。

  (b)略去,排除,不再继续

  If you want to get thin you must cut out sugar.(cut it out)

  你要是想瘦点,就得不吃糖。

  be cut out for(tr)特别适合于……(用于指人,又常用于否定句中)

  His father got him a job in a bank but it soon became clear that he wasnot cut out for that kind of work.

  他爸爸给他在银行里找了一个工作,但是不久就可以清楚地看出来,他不适合干那种工作。

  cut up(tr) 切、割、剪成碎片

  They cut down the tree and cut it up for firewood.(cut the tree up/cut up the tree)

  他们把树砍倒并劈碎当柴火了。

  die

  die away(intr)(声音)逐渐微弱直到听不到

  They waited till the sound of the guard’s footsteps died away.

  他们一直等到警卫的脚步声消逝了。

  die down(intr)逐渐平静下来,直至平息(常指骚乱、火、心情的一阵波动等)

  When the excitement had died down the shopkeepers took down theirshutters and reopened their shops.

  波动平息后,店主们取下了窗板,重新开店营业。

  die out(intr)绝灭,成为过去(常指风俗、种族、动物品种等)

  Elephants would die out if men could shoot as many as they wished.

  如果人们爱猎杀多少大象就可以猎杀多少,大象就会灭种了。

  do

  do away with(tr)废除

  The government should do away with the regulations restricting drinkinghours.

  政府应该废除限制卖酒的时间的规章。

  do up(tr)重新装饰

  When I do this room up I’ll paint the walls cream.(do up this room/doit up)

  我重新装修房间时,要把墙漆成奶油色。

  do without(tr)不要……而凑合过,免去……也可以

  We had to do without petrol during the fuel crisis.

  在燃料危机期间,我们不得不过没有汽油的日子。

  有时宾语可以意会,不说出来

  If there isn’t any milk we’ll have to do without(it).

  如果没有牛奶,我们只好将就了。

  draw

  draw back(intr)撤退,(因惊惧而)向后闪

  It’s too late to draw back now;the plans are all made.

  现在再后退也太晚了;计划都订好了。

  draw up(tr)草拟,写出(计划或协议书)

  My solicitor drew up the lease and we both signed it.(drew it up)

  我的律师拟好了租约,我们两个人都签了名。

  draw up(intr)停下(指车辆等)

  The car drew up at the kerb and the driver got out.

  车在马路边停下,开车人下了车。

  drop

  drop in(intr)未经通知而造访并停留较短的时间

  He dropped in for a few minutes to ask if he could borrow your powerdrill.

  他不告而来,坐了几分钟,问是否能借用你的电钻。(比call in更口语化些。)

  drop out(intr)退出(某计划或行动)

  We planned to hire a coach for the excursion but now so many peoplehave dropped out that it will not be needed.

  我们原计划租一辆大客车去郊游,但是现在已有这么多人退出,车就不需要了。

  enter

  enter for(tr)报名参加(竞赛、考试等)

  Twelve thousand competitors have entered for the next LondonMarathon.

  已有12,000人报名参加下一次伦敦马拉松比赛。

  fade

  fade away(intr) 消失,逐渐减弱(常指声音)

  The band moved on and the music faded away.

  乐队继续行进,乐声逐渐听不见了。

  fall

  fall back(intr)后退,撤退(指有意识的行动,与fall behind不同,后者是不由自主的)

  As the enemy advanced we fell back.

  敌人向前推进,我们就后退了。

  fall back on(tr) 退而求其次地使用某物

  We had to fall back on dried milk as fresh milk wasn’t available.

  因为找不到鲜奶,我们不得已使用了奶粉。

  He fell back on the old argument that if you educate women they won’tbe such good wives and mothers.

  他重弹老调,说如果给妇女受教育的机会,她们就不会是这样的贤妻良母了。

  fall behind(intr)(因不能赶上别人而)落后,不能按协议的时间分期支付

  At the beginning the whole party kept together but by the end of the daythose who were less fit had fallen behind.

  起初全体人员都在一起,但到了晚间身体不够强壮的人就落后了。

  He fell behind with his rent and the landlord began to become impatient.

  他不能按期交房租,房东不耐烦了。

  fall in with someone’s plans 接受别人的计划并同意与之合作

  We’d better fall in with his suggestion for the sake of peace.

  为了息事宁人,我们还是接受他的建议为好。

  fall in(intr)of troops etc.列队,整队(指军队等)

  fall off(intr)(数目、观众等)减少,下降

  Orders have been falling off lately;we need a new advertising campaign.

  近来订货量下降了;我们需要再搞一次广告宣传运动。

  If the price of seats goes up much more theatre attendances will begin tofall off.

  如果票价大幅度上扬,观众人数就会下降了。

  fall on(tr) 凶猛地袭击,扑上来(受害者没有自卫的机会,因为袭击者太有力;有时也用于描述饥饿的人急于吃食物)

  The mob fell on the killers and clubbed them to death.

  乱民凶猛地攻击杀人者,把他们乱棍打死了。

  The starving men fell on the food.

  饥饿的人们狼吞虎咽地吃了起来。

  fall out(intr)争吵

  When thieves fall out honest men get their own.

  窃贼争吵,好人受益。(格言;意指失主能得回他们的财产)

  fall out(intr)of troops etc.解散(队伍)

  The troops fell in and were inspected.After the parade they fell out and went back to their barracks.

  队伍列队并接受了检阅。游行完毕后他们解散回营房了。

  fall through(intr)(计划)未能实现,化为泡影

  My plans to go to Greece fell through because the journey turned out to bemuch more expensive than I had expected.

  我上希腊去的计划未能实现,因为我发现旅行远比我预期的要昂贵。

  feed

  be fed up(intr),be fed up with(tr)完全厌倦,十分腻烦(俚语)

  I’m fed up with this wet weather.

  我对这潮呼呼的天气腻烦极了。

  I’m fed up with waiting;I’m going home.

  我等得不耐烦了;我要回家了。

  feel

  feel up to(tr) 感到有体力(能做某事)

  I don’t feel up to tidying the kitchen now.I’ll do it in the morning.

  我现在没劲儿打扫厨房。我早上干吧。

  I don’t feel up to it.

  我觉得没有力气做这件事。

  fill

  fill in/up  forms etc.填写表格

  I had to fill in three forms to get my new passport.(fill three forms in/fill them in)

  为了领新护照,我不得不填写三张表格。

  find

  find out(tr)通过有意识的努力而弄清或发现

  In the end I found out what was wrong with my hi-fi.

  我终于搞清楚我的高保真音响出了什么毛病。

  The dog found out the way to open the door.(found it out)

  那狗搞清楚怎么开门了。

  find someone out 发现某人在干坏事(这常是一种意外的发现,因为某人一直是受信任的)

  After robbing the till for months the cashier was found out.

  那出纳员从钱柜里偷钱偷了好几个月后才被发现。

  fix

  fix up(tr)安排

  The club has already fixed up several matches for next season.(fixed sev-eral matches up/fixed them up)

  俱乐部已经为下一个赛季安排了几场比赛。

  get

  get about(intr) 流转,运动或行动

  The news got about that he had won the first prize in the state lottery andeverybody began asking him for money.

  他买国家奖券得了头奖的消息不胫而走,大家都开始向他要钱。

  He is a semi-invalid now and can’t get about as well as he used to.

  他现在是个半残废了,不能像过去那样自在地行动。

  get away(intr) 逃掉,脱身

  Don’t ask him how he is because if he starts talking about his healthyou’ll never get away from him.

  不要去问他身体好不好,因为他要是一谈起他的身体状况,你就会脱身乏术的。

  I had a lot to do in the office and didn’t get away till eight.

  我在办公室里事很多,到8点钟才得以脱身。

  get away with(tr)做非法或错误的事后逃脱了惩罚,不被人抓住或发觉

  He began forging cheques and at first he got away with it but in the endhe was caught and sent to prison.

  他开始干伪造支票的事,起初他蒙混过去了,但最终被抓住并送进了监狱。

  get back(tr) 收回

  If you lend him a book he’ll lend it to someone else and you’ll never getit back.(get back your book/get your book back)

  如果你借给他一本书,他就会转借给别人,你就再也收不回来了。

  get back(intr)回到家里

  We spent the whole day in the hills and didn’t get back till dark.

  我们在山里呆了一整天,直到天黑才回到家。

  get off(intr)被认为无罪而释放或未受到惩处(试与getaway with it比较,后者意指犯罪者根本没有被抓到)

  He was tried for theft but got off because there wasn’t sufficient evidenceagainst him.

  他因某宗盗窃案而受审,但因证据不足而被无罪释放了。

  The boy had to appear before a magistrate but he got off as it was his firstoffence.

  那男孩不得不出庭受审,但因为是初犯而未受惩罚。

  get on(intr),get on with(tr)有下面两种意义

  (a)取得进展,得到成功

  How is he getting on at school?

  他在学校学习如何?

  He is getting on very well with his English.

  他英文学得很好。

  (b)友好地同别人一起生活、工作等

  He is a pleasant friendly man who gets on well with nearly everybody.

  他是一个愉悦、友善、几乎跟任何人都能相处得很好的人。

  How are you and Mr Pitt getting on?

  你和皮特先生相处得好吗?get out(intr) 脱身离开(一个封闭的地方)

  Don’t worry about the snake.It’s in a box.It can’t get out.

  别担心这条蛇。它在盒子里,跑不出来。

  News of the Budget got out before it was officially announced.

  有关预算的消息,在正式宣布以前就走漏了。

  I’m so busy that I don’t very often get out.

  我太忙了,不大出门。

  注意:命令句Get out是滚出去的意思,是很无礼的。只有在作下车的意思讲时才不是这样。

  get out of(tr)使自己摆脱某种义务或习惯

  I said that I’d help him.Now I don’t want to but I can’t get out of it.

  我说过我要帮助他。现在我不想帮助他了,可是无法脱手。(不顾及这一允诺)

  He says that he smokes too much but he can’t get out of the habit.

  他说他烟吸得太多了,但是他去不掉这习惯。

  Some people live abroad to get out of paying heavy taxes.

  有些人居住在国外,为的是摆脱沉重的捐税负担。

  get over(tr) 恢复(原来生病、忧郁或精神上害怕等)

  He is just getting over a bad heart attack.

  他曾心脏病大发,正在康复。

  I can’t get over her leaving her husband like that.

  她那样离开她的丈夫,我真想不通。(我还没有从惊讶中缓过劲来;我感到震惊不已。)

  He used to be afraid of heights but he has got over that now.他过去有恐高症,现在已经没了。

  get it over(常以it为宾语,一般指某种不愉快的事)处理完某事并不再为它多忙

  If you have to go to the dentist why not go at once and get it over?

  你要是必须去看牙医,为什么不马上就去,一了百了呢?

  (注意勿将其与get over it混淆。二者意思完全不同。)

  get round a person 好言哄劝某人以使他让你做你要想做的事

  Girls can usually get round their fathers.

  女孩子们总能哄得爸爸们答应她们的要求。

  get round a difficulty/regulation 找到解决困难或回避规章的方法

  If we charge people for admission we will have to pay entertainment taxon our receipts;but we can get round this regulation by saying that weare charging not for admission but for refreshments.Money paid for re-freshments is not taxed.

  我们如果向人们收门票钱,就得为进款交纳娱乐税;但我们可以避开这条规定,就是把收门票钱说成是收饮料点心钱。饮料点心钱是不收税的。

  get through(tr/intr) 干完一项工作,胜利地完成一件事

  He got through his exam all right.

  他成功地通过了考试。

  get through(intr) 打通(电话)

  I am trying to call London but I can’t get through;I think all the linesare engaged.

  我正在往伦敦打电话,可是打不通;我想所有的电话线路都占线了。

  get up(tr) 组织,安排(常指一项业余文娱活动或慈善事业)

  They got up a concert in aid of cancer research.(got it up)

  他们组织了一次为抗癌研究筹款的音乐会。

  get up(intr) 起床,站起身来,登上

  I get up at seven o’clock every morning.

  我每天早上7点钟起床。

  (关于get用于指上/下交通工具,参见第93节D。)

  give

  give something away 把东西给人(不一定要说出是谁)

  I’ll give this old coat away.(give away this old coat away/give it away)

  我要把这件旧外衣给人。

  give someone away(宾语位于away之前)出卖或暴露某人

  He said that he was not an American but his accent gave him away.

  他说他不是美国人,可是他的口音让人听出他是美国人了。

  give back(tr)(将某物)归还给原主

  I must call at the library to give back this book.(to give this book back/to give it back)

  我得去图书馆把这本书还了。

  give in(intr) 屈服,退让,不再拒绝听从

  At first he wouldn’t let her drive the car but she was so persuasive thateventually he gave in.

  起初他不肯让她开车,可是她这么能说,最终他还是答应了。

  give out(tr)

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